Pretreatment

Membrane fouling is a frequent problem in most seawater reverse osmosis units, particularly when raw water is drawn from an open sea intake. Membranes tend to foul slowly, which makes it necessary to perform periodic cleanings with physical and chemical products, which in turn produce a decrease in

The need for good-quality water in Cyprus continues to be the driving force for the use of reverse osmosis to desalinate brackish water and seawater for irrigation and potable use. Much work continues both to optimize the process designs for new plants and to refine the operation of existing ones. T

To prevent reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling, all the organic, colloidal and biological matter needs to be removed from the feed water to the RO system. A proper pretreatment is therefore considered to be the key to successful RO plant operation. A key component of the RO pretreatment process is

In this study, it could be shown that, drinking water consumption in the food industry could be drastically reduced by water reuse. Boiler make-up water or warm cleaning water could be economically produced from lowcontaminated process water (electrical conductivity below 3000 µS/cm and COD below 70

For the last 3 years, the SWCC–RDC conducted extensive R&D work on nanofiltration (NF) pretreatment of feed to SWRO and make-up to MSF pilot plants in dihybrid arrangement of NF–SWRO or NF–MSF, also in trihybrid of NF–SWROreject–MSF, where the SWROreject from the dihybrid NF–SWRO is used as make-up

With an ever-growing world-wide demand for water and decreasing availability, emerging technologies such as ultrafiltration (UF) hold the key to future water treatment. Two applications to use unconventional sources for water production are described. The reuse of effluent of wastewater treatment pl