Reverse osmosis

Digital textile printing (DTP) is considered as an environmentally benign process because its wastewater production is relatively small compared with the conventional textile printing system. DTP is usually practiced at building office in an urban area rather than in a textile industrial complex, so

This paper proposes an alternative configuration to conventional reverse osmosis (RO) desalination systems by incorporating the use of gravitational potential energy. The proposal suggests a model that can be viewed as the energy station of a RO desalination plant. Conventionally, RO plants use a hi

Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes by an osmotic pressure gradient. Unlike reverse osmosis (RO), FO does not require high pressure for separation, allowing low energy consumption to produce water. Howeve

Fouling is one of the most serious problems in seawater desalination using reverse osmosis (SWRO) which is important to lower the production cost of desalinated water. For efficient operation of the SWRO plant, accurate models are crucial to decide the optimal operating condition and cleaning operat

Australia is the driest continent on earth and despite this the installed desalination capacity is still around 1% of the total world’s desalination capacity. This paper reviews the main seawater issues considered in every desalination project—the history, the present situation and the future of des

The presence of organic toxic solutes in industrial wastewater is a common environmental problem. Aniline is known to be a harmful and persistent pollutant and its presence in wastewater requires treatment before disposal. The performance of reverse osmosis to remove aniline from aqueous solutions i

Data are presented from a series of laboratory experiments designed to evaluate separation performance and humic acid fouling for two RO membranes treating brackish water at temperatures of 15, 25, and 35°C. A model is proposed that considers changes only to solute and solvent properties. Model resu

The direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) applied for the concentration of the primary reverse osmosis (PRO) retentate was presented in the paper. All the experiments were carried out using the self-made hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. The DCMD process (permeate flux and

A small-scale photovoltaic (PV) powered reverse osmosis (RO) plant is designed to operate at variable flow/ pressure conditions for stand-alone applications in equatorial areas to desalinate brackish water. Two operation strategies for a PV array of 165 Wp (3 modules of 55 Wp) are simulated and comp

Spontaneous reduction of 4-nitrobenzene diazonium salt on coal in acetonitrile or HCl aqueous solution permits the strong bonding of aryl groups to its surface as shown by IR spectroscopy. Heterogeneous reverse osmosis membranes containing small particles of coal modified with aryldiazonium salts we